Forty-third president of the United States; former governor of Texas (1994-2000). Born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut. Bush — often referred to as simply "W" — is the eldest son of former President George Herbert Walker Bush and Barbara Pierce Bush. He grew up in Midland, Texas, where his father worked in the oil business. His siblings include Jeb (now governor of Florida), Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy. Another younger sister, Robin, died tragically of leukemia in 1953 at the age of three. Like his father, Bush attended the prestigious Philips Andover Academy in Massachusetts before matriculating at Yale University. He graduated from Yale with a bachelor’s degree in 1968, then returned to Texas and joined the Texas Air National Guard, where he learned to fly fighter jets. He eventually became a lieutenant, but was never called on to fight in Vietnam.  Read more

Books about voyages and new discoveries were very popular in the first quater of the 18th century, there were written many stories of this kind but while Defoe was busy with politics he didn't think of also trying his hand at it. However one story in Steel magazine attracted his attention.  Read more

My favourite literary character is Eliza Doolittle. Eliza is one of the principal characters of “Pygmalion”, Bernard Shaw’s famous comedy. Eliza, a girl of eighteen, comes from the lowest social level and speaks with a strong Cockney accent. She makes her own living by selling flowers in the streets of London. One day she accidentally meets Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics. Higgins makes an agreement with his friend Pickering that he will pass Eliza off as a duchess in six months. Eliza and Higgins work hard at the girl’s manners and pronunciation.  Read more

It is well-known that Oscars are awarded by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is a professional honorary organization composed of over 6,000 motion picture artists and craftsmen and women. The Academy was organized in May, 1927, as a nonprofit corporation chartered under the laws of California.

A popular story has been that an Academy librarian and eventual executive director, Margaret Herrick, thought the statuette resembled her Uncle Oscar and said so, and that as a result the Academy staff began referring to it as Oscar. No hard evidence exists to support that tale, but in any case, by the sixth Awards Presentation in 1934, Hollywood columnist Sidney Skolsky used the name in his column in reference to Katharine Hepburn's first Best Actress win. The Academy itself didn't use the nickname officially until 1939.
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People have dreamed of travelling in space for thousands of years. But it was not until 1957 that it became a reality.

On October 4, 1957 the USSR launched the first man-made satellite into space. It was called Sputnik 1.

On April 12, 1961 the soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to orbit the Earth. The first spacewoman in the world was Valentina Tereshkova. She made 48 orbits in 1963 in her Vostok 6.

On July 20, 1969 the American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the Moon.
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Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and efforts. Nowadays it is especially important to know foreign languages. Some people learn languages because they need them for their work, others travel abroad, for the third studying languages is a hobby. Everyone, who knows foreign languages can speak to people from other countries, read foreign writers in the original, which makes your outlook wider. It is not surprising that many intellectuals and well-educated people are polyglots.  Read more

English educational system is quite different from what we have in Russia. It is class-divided. There some state schools and some private ones.

State schools are infant, junior or secondary. British boys and girls begin to go to school at the age of 5. They draw pictures, sing songs, listen to the stories and tales. British children begin to read and write when they enter the infant schools. Young children are divided into two groups, according to their mental abilities. Children leave infant schools when they are 7. Then they go to study at junior schools where they learn to write, read and do mathematics. Their school subjects are History, English, Geography, Arithmetic, Arts, Music, Swimming and some others. When the pupils enter the junior schools they pass abilities test. According to the results of the test and thus their intellectual potential they are divided into three groups. Boys and girls spend four years studying at junior schools.
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Ozone layer or ozonosphere, region of the stratosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone , located at altitudes of 12-30 mi (19-48 km) above the earth's surface. Ozone in the ozone layer is formed by the action of solar ultraviolet light on oxygen.

The ozone layer prevents most ultraviolet (UV) and other high-energy radiation from penetrating to the earth's surface but does allow through sufficient ultraviolet rays to support the activation of vitamin D in humans. The full radiation, if unhindered by this filtering effect, would destroy animal tissue. Higher levels of radiation resulting from the depletion of the ozone layer have been linked with increases in skin cancers and cataracts and have been implicated in the decline of certain amphibian species.
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We spend great part of our lives at our jobs, so choosing a right career is one of the most important decisions you will make in your life. Many students finish high school and begin college without a clear idea of what they want to do in future. Part of the problem is the size of the job market itself. With so many kinds of jobs (2000) how can you tell which will interest you? Some of occupations are already overcrowded.  Read more

Snowboarding is the fastest growing winter sport and is set to become even more popular than skiing. It is hard to say who actually "invented" the first snowboard because it was influenced by many different people including Sherman Poppen, Demetrije Milovich, Tom Sims and Jake Burton Carpenter. Snowboarding's roots, however, may be traced back to the early 1920's. Then children in Vermont built what would now be considered makeshift snowboards out of barrel staves and rode them sideways down a snowy hill.   Read more

What is the first thought that comes to your mind when you hear the word Turkmenistan? Is it "Gee, I don't even know where it is"? Or if you know the location do you have questions? "Does your country harbor terrorists? Does you country have roads? Are all women covered in your country? Does your country chop off peoples' hands for robbery?"

The history of Turkmenistan indicates that the Turkmens were nomadic people who lived on their own, never trying to conquer any land. In the 8th century Turkmens were forced to accept Islam by the Arabs. The Muslim influence lasted till the late 18th century. In the early 19th century Russians invaded the Turkmen lands, and Turkmens were forced to join the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics. Then in 1925 Turkmens formed the Republic of Turkmenistan. It is bordered on the south by Afghanistan and Iran, on the north by Kazakhstan, on the northeast by Uzbekistan, and on the West by the Caspian Sea.
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Canada is a country with rapid growth of the population. It is mainly concentrated in large cities. The most important among them is the capital of the country, Ottawa. It is situated on the picturesque bank of the Ottawa River. One third of its population is descendants of English and French immigrants. Before the colonization the Ottawa region was an Indian trading centre. The name of the city comes from the Indian word meaning “trade”. For a very long time Ottawa was a fur trading centre. The suburbs of the city house different industrial factories: electronic enterprises, food processing factories, paper mills and others. Ottawa is called a city of bridges. There are more than 20 bridges in the city. Ottawa is famous for its walks, along which about a million of tulips bloom in spring.  Read more

Wales is a country situated in the West of Britain. St. David is the patron saint of Wales. On 1 st March, St. David’s Day, patriotic Welsh people wear a leek or a daffodil, both symbols of Wales. The population of Wales is about three million. The area of Wales is 20,764 sq. km. Wales is agricurtural, there are few cities there, rather small and unimportant. The west coast, mid Wales and North Wales are wild and beautiful. Wales has high mountains, including Mount Snowdon, the second highest mountain in Britain. Snowdon looks very peaceful and beautiful. Cardiff, the modern capital of Wales, has a Roman castle and a modern shopping centre. Cardiff is an industrial city, which also has a cathedral, a university.  Read more

The Republic of Cuba       

Area: 114.5 km2.
Population: more than 11 million people (1999).
Official language: Spanish.
Capital: Havana (about 2 million inhabitants, 1999).
National holiday: Freedom Day (1 January, 1959), Independence Day (10 October, 1902.).
Monetary unit: Cuban peso.
UN member since 1945, and others

The country is situated on the islands of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud and about 1,600 smaller adjacent islands in the western Atlantic Ocean.

Cuba has long been called the pearl of the Antilles on the trade routes between North and South America, between the New and Old World. Poets compared it with a green lizard, splashing in the turquoise waters of the Caribbean Sea. Many called Cuba an island of freedom.
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The Republic of Azerbaijan     

Area: 86,6 km2.
Population: 7 million 953 thousand people (1998).
Official Language: Azerbaijani.
Capital: Baku (1 million 789 thousand inhabitants, 1998).
National holiday: Republic Day (28 May, 1918.).
Monetary unit: Manat.
Member of the CIS, the UN, the OSCE since 1992

Located in south-eastern part of Transcaucasia. Bordered on the north with the Russian Federation (Republic of Dagestan), in the northwest - to Georgia in the south-west - Turkey and Armenia in the south - with Iran. In the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea.

Azerbaijan - a multiethnic state. Most of the population (85 - 90%) were Azerbaijanis. Their language belongs to the Turkic group of Altaic language family. Behind them on the numbers go Lezgins, Talysh, Kurdish, Russian, Armenians, Jews, Avars, Tsakhurs, Georgians Ingiloys, theta, Kryz, Budugs, hynalugtsy and other international conflicts related to the events surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh (1988 - 1994), the deteriorating economic situation in the country have dramatically changed the ethnic composition: from Azerbaijan left the majority of Armenians and a significant part of Russian.
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Area: 468 km2.        
Population: 63.8 million people (1998), including 19,6 thousand Andorrans.
Official language: Catalan.
Capital: Andorra la Vella (22 thousand inhabitants, 1995).
Currency: euro.
UN member since 1993 member of the Council of Europe since 1994

In the south-western Europe, eastern Pyrenees between Spain and France, surrounded by majestic mountain ranges here for 11 centuries, there is a small country of Andorra. , Where merge river valleys Valeera and Ordino, is the most mastered his part.

This small country has a reputation as the quietest corner of Europe, where a peculiar combination of ancient customs, vestiges of the distant feudal times and the signs of modern civilization.
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Year of life :1711-1765      
Lomonosov was born in Arkhangelsk region, into a peasant family. Since childhood, he and his father went to sea to catch fish. The boy soon learned to read. He desperately wanted to study further, and Mikhail Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, with carts of frozen fish.

In Moscow, in order to enroll in Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy of Sciences, he had to impersonate a nobleman's son (the son of a peasant road there was not). But six years later, Mikhail Lomonosov, as a reward for their success in teaching was sent to Germany to study mining and chemistry.

Years of hard work on the road to knowledge - and Lomonosov is the largest scientific associate.
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Years of life: 1900-1962

Nikolai Fedorovich Pogodin (1900-1962) came to the theater to the front edge of the first five years stroyfronta, having a serious school essayist in the printed edition (1920-1929). Son of a peasant, a worker of seniority, N. Pogodin became an outstanding playwright of the Soviet era.

A young journalist, each day was in the flow of modern life. In his eyes rapidly varies greatly Soviet land - unheard of pace created by industry giants, the fields appear first tractors. And most importantly - there is unprecedented in its scope, full of deep inner dramatic process of reform and growth of people in psychology who were "in the literal sense of the word" domain "processes." The apt definition of Leonid Leonov, the country has become "a giant laboratory in which forged a new morality, new ethical attitude and a new humanity."
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She went to Moscow last week. (Она ездила в Москву па прошлой неделе.)

Разделительный вопрос выражает предположение ("не так ли?", "не правда ли?"):

She went to Moscow last week, didn’t she?
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Местоимения Настоящее Прошедшее Будущее
время время время
I am was shall be
you are were will be
he is was will be
she is was will be
it is was will be
we arc were shall be
you are were will be
they are were will be

Глагол to be может употребляться:

— в роли смыслового глагола to be (на русский язык не переводится, ему соответствует «быть», «находиться»):

Не is at shool. Он в школе.

— в роли глагола связки в составе именного сказуемого to be (соответствует в русском языке глаголам «быть», «являться», «состоять»), В настоящем времени связка обычно на русский язык не переводится:

She is an editor. Она редактор.

— в роли вспомогательного глагола to be для образования всех времен группы Continuous и страдательного залога, В этом случае действие выражается смысловыми глаголами, a to be не имеет самостоятельного значения:

The house was built last winter.

Дом был построен прошлой зимой.

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Личные местоимения (Personal Pronouns) и притяжательные местоимения (Possessive Pronouns)

В английском языке личные местоимения кроме именительного падежа имеют еще и объектный (косвенный). Личные местоимения в объектном падеже употребляются в качестве дополнения.

Притяжательные местоимения имеют две формы: относительную (присоединительную) и абсолютную. Местоимения в относительной форме употребляются в предложении в качестве определения и стоят перед существительным, а в абсолютной форме употребляются в качестве подлежащего, дополнения или части составного сказуемого (перед существительным не употребляются).
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Наречия употребляются в предложениях в качестве обстоятельства. Большинство наречий образуется от прилагательных добавлением -ly: slow (медленный)

— slowly (медленно).

Степени сравнения наречий

Степени сравнения наречий образуются точно так же, как и у прилагательных.

Односложные:

early (рано) — earlier (раньше) — earliest (раньше всего);

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Числительные в английском языке делятся па количественные (Cardinal Numerals) и порядковые (Ordinal Numerals).

Количественные числительные обозначают число предметов и отвечают на вопрос how many? (сколько?).

Порядковые числительные обозначают порядок при счете и отвечают на вопрос which ? (который по порядку ?).
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Прилагательные обозначают признаки, качества или свойства предметов и по своему значению делятся на качественные и относительные.

Степени сравнения прилагательных

Качественные прилагательные имеют степени сравнения.

Для образования степеней сравнения от одно- и двусложных прилагательных необходимо прибавить суффиксы: -ег в сравнительной степени, -est в превосходной степени.

Превосходная степень прилагательных требует употребления определенного артикля the:

small (маленький) — smaller (меньше) — the smallest (самый маленький).

Исключения: good (хороший) — better (лучше) — the best (самый лучший);

bad (плохой) — worse (хуже) — the worst (самый плохой).
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В английском языке имеются неопределенный (а, ап) и определенный (the) артикли.

Неопределенный артикль употребляется с исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе. Он имеет две формы: а — употребляется перед существительным, начинающимся с согласного звука или имеющим перед собой определение, начинающееся с согласного звука: а table — стол, a blue реп — синля ручка;

ап — употребляется перед существительным, начинающимся с гласного звука или имеющим перед со-бии определение, начинающееся с гласного звука: ап author — автор, an old man — старик.

Неопределенный артикль служит для указания принадлежности предмета к определенной группе однородных предметов: Give me а реп. Дайте мне ручку (любую).

Определенный артикль the употребляется для выделения данного предмета, лица или явления из ряда ему подобных: Give me the реп. Дайте мне именно эту ручку (которая лежит На столе, например).

Нсисчислясмыс существительные и имена собственные обычно употребляются без артиклей.

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В этом разделе приводятся основные выражения, ко-торые могут пригодиться вам при написании или чтении деловых писем. Однако во. избежание возможных недоразумений советуем вам всё же пользоваться услугами юриста или сотрудника из международного отдела. Следующие фразы помогут вам при написании писем.

♦ Фразы
Уважаемый/

Многоуважаемый/

Глубокоуважаемый

господин...

Относительно...

В ответ на Ваш факс от... сообщаю, что...

В своём предыдущем факсе Вы интересовались... Согласно нашей договоренности...

— высылаю Вам...

— направляю Вам...

— перечисляю...

В связи со сложившимися обстоятел ьствам и...

Ввиду возникших осложнений...
Dear Mr..
Concerning...

In response (о your fax dated ... I inform, that... In your previous fax you expressed an interest in...

According to our arrangement...

— I send to you...

— I direct to you...

— I make a list of...

In connection with the current circumstances... In view of the arisen complications...

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жёлчный пузырь

кишечник

лёгкие

матка

мочевой пузырь печень

поджелудочная

железа

почки

предстательная

Железа

селезенка

сердце

щитовидная

железа

У зубного врача

♦ Фразы

Могли бы вы мне посоветовать хорошего зубного врача?

У меня...

— болит зуб

— воспалилась десна

— выпала пломба

— дупло в зубе

— откололся кусок зуба
a gall bladder

intestine

lungs

an uterus

a u nnary bladder

a liver

a pancreas

kidneys

a prostate gland

a spben a heart

a thyroid gland At the dentist’s

Could you recommend me a good dentist?
1 have...

— a toothache

— a gingivitis

— a filling dropped out

— a cavity in a tooth

— a piece of a tooth broken away
э го:л 6л5дэ

интЗстин

ланз

эн й:тэрэс э 1бэринри блЗдэ э лйвэ э пЗнкриэс

КЦД11ИЗ

э прбстейт глэнд

э спли:п э ха:т

э ейнроид глэнд
ку:д ю: рэкэмЗнд ми: э гуд дентист?
ай хэв...

— э т$':сэйк

— э джинджи-вАйтис

— э филин дропт йут

— э кдвити ин э ту:с

— э пй:с ов э ту:с брбукэн эуЗй

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В случае серьезной болезни вам придется обращаться к врачу. Надо быть готовым к тому, что вызов врача и само лечение обойдутся вам достаточно дорого. По )тол'у рекомендуем вам запастись в России основными лекарствами, а ешё лучше — не болеть. И конечно, надо иметь с собой медицинскую страховку. Имейте также в виду, что в Великобритании и США градусники градуированы по шкале Фаренгейта. Нормальная температура тела по Фаренгейту 98,6°. Кроме того, многие лекарства за границей имеют другие названия, поэтому к вашему «любимому» лекарству не забудьте взять аннотацию (вкладыш) — в аптеке разберутся.

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Обращение к Consulting а врачу doctor

• Врач можс т задать вам следующие вопросы •

What seems to be the Что вас беспокоит? trouble?

What troubles you? Что вас беспокоит?

How long have you had it? Как давно это у вас?

Have you ever had this У вас это было раньше9 before?

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